![]() ![]() ![]() Over 150,000 Italian civilians died, as did 35,828 anti-fascist partisans and some 35,000 troops of the Italian Social Republic. Fascist Italy, prior to its collapse, suffered about 200,000 casualties, mostly POWs taken in the invasion of Sicily, including more than 40,000 killed or missing. The number of Allied casualties was about 330,000 and the German figure (excluding those involved in the final surrender) was over 330,000. It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945, 60,000–70,000 Allied and 38,805–150,660 German soldiers died in Italy. The joint Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre and it planned and led the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, followed in September by the invasion of the Italian mainland and the campaign in Italy until the surrender of the German Armed Forces in Italy in May 1945. The Italian campaign of World War II, also called the Liberation of Italy following the German occupation in September 1943, consisted of Allied and Axis operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to 1945. Collapse of the Italian Social Republic (1945).Division of the Kingdom of Italy (1943).Surrender of German Army Group C (1945).“Who Made America? | Innovators | Garrett Augustus Morgan.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service." History of the Army Protective Mask." NBC Defense Systems: Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, 1999. Morgan and the Lake Erie Crib Disaster." The Journal of Negro History vol. " Guardian of the Public Safety: Garrett A. "Garrett Augustus Morgan (1877–1963): He Came to the Rescue With his Gas Mask." They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators. Evans, Harold, Gail Buckland, and David Lefer." Overcoming Discrimination by Consumers During the Age of Segregation: The Example of Garrett Morgan." The Business History Review vol. 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. ![]() While still a teenager, he left Kentucky and moved north to Cincinnati, Ohio, in search of opportunities. Garrett was the seventh of 11 children, and his early childhood was spent attending school and working on the family farm with his brothers and sisters. His mother was of Native American, Black, and white descent (her father was a minister named Rev. Garrett Reed), and his father, was half-Black and half-white, the son of the Confederate Colonel John Hunt Morgan, who led Morgan's Raiders in the Civil War. The son of a formerly enslaved man and woman, Garrett Augustus Morgan was born in Claysville, Kentucky, on March 4, 1877. Notable Quote: “If you can be the best, then why not try to be the best?”.Awards and Honors: Recognized at the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in Chicago, Illinois, in August 1963 schools and streets named in his honor included in the 2002 book, "100 Greatest African Americans" by Molefi Kete Asante honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.Published Works: The "Cleveland Call," a weekly African American newspaper that he established in 1916, which became the still-published "Cleveland Call and Post" in 1929.Known For: Invention of safety hood (early gas mask) and mechanical traffic signal. ![]()
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